Analysis Of The Three Financial Models Free Essays

Presentation Liquidation alludes to the condition of a person who can't pay their obligations and against whom an insolvency request has been made by a court. Such requests deny bankrupts of their property, which is then used to pay their obligations. Liquidation procedures are begun by a request, which might be introduced to the court by (1) a loan boss or leasers; (2) an individual influenced by a willful game plan to pay obligations set up by the indebted person under the Insolvency Act 1986; (3) the Director of Public Prosecutions; or (4) the account holder. We will compose a custom paper test on Examination Of The Three Financial Models or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now (Smullen and Hand, 2003). In the event that we expect that an organization is a different legitimate substance along these lines qualifying as a lawful individual, we can receive the above definition to characterize chapter 11 with regards to the partnership or corporate liquidation as the condition of a company that can't pay its obligations and against which insolvency request has been made by a court. (Smullen and Hand, 2003). Examination of the models for anticipating liquidation. There are three principle ways to deal with foreseeing liquidation which include: bookkeeping systematic methodology, alternative hypothetical methodology and the measurable methodology. Becchetti and Sierra (2002: p. 2100).â Under the measurable methodology corporate disappointment hazard is investigated through four generally known techniques which utilize monetary record proportions: straight or quadratic segregate examination, calculated relapse investigation, probit relapse investigation and neural system investigation. For the motivations behind this paper we will confine our examination to three essential money related models, which incorporate the Z-Score model, the discriminant model and the Black-Scholes-Merton Probability. We additionally portray the utilization of these models in partnerships. 1. The Z-Score Bankruptcy Prediction Model The Z-score expectation model was created by Altman in 1968. (Grice and Ingram, 2001: p. 53). The Z-score model applies multivariate discriminant examination (MDA) and utilizes money related proportions as information factors to anticipate monetary trouble. (Tzeng et al, 2007: p. 297). As indicated by Grice and Ingram (2001: p. 53), Altman (1968) utilized an example of 33 non-bankrupt assembling firms from 1946-1965. Grice and Ingram (2001) attest that in spite of the way that the z-score model display high precision rates utilizing both estimation and hold-out examples, (95% and 84%), its generalizability to businesses and periods outside of those in the first example has gotten little consideration. This model has be broadly utilized in an assortment of enterprises to assess money related states of firms and it is ceaselessly being utilized in numerous business circumstances including insolvency forecast and other monetary pressure conditions. Grice and Ingram (2001) completed a test on the z-score model based three essential tests which incorporate the model’s capacity to foresee liquidation today instead of periods in which it was created, the helpfulness of the model in anticipating chapter 11 in non-producing just as assembling firms and its capacity to anticipate insolvency in money related pressure conditions other than liquidation. Their discoveries show that in spite of the fact that the model is valuable in anticipating chapter 11 just as other money related conditions, the models exactness is fundamentally lower in ongoing periods than that detailed in the first work by Altman (1968).Grice and Ingram (2001) additionally find noteworthy contrasts in the model’s coefficients from those announced by Altman. In view of these discoveries, Grice and Ingram (2001) recommend that better precision can be accomplished by re-evaluating the model coefficients utilizing estimation from periods near trials. Furthermore Grice and Altman (2001) find that the incorporating non-fabricating firms in the example, further debilitates the precision of the model. 1.1 Application of the Z-Score model Business banks utilize the model as a major aspect of the occasional credit audit process; venture investors utilize the model in security and portfolio investigation. It has been utilized as an administration choice instrument and as an investigation apparatus by evaluators to survey their clients’ capacities to proceed as going concerns (Grice and Ingram, 2001: p. 53). 2. The Black-Scholes-Merton Model. As indicated by Reisz and Perlich (2007) after from Black and Scholes (1973) and Merton (1974), the normal load of a firm can be viewed as a standard call choice on the fundamental resources of the firm. It is accepted that investors have offered the organization to banks, and hold the alternative of repurchasing it by paying assumed worth (in addition to enthusiasm) of their obligation commitments. (Reisz and Perlich, 2007: p. 2). Then again, utilizing put/call equality, we can consider investors to be holding the firm’s resources (purchased subsequent to getting cash from lenders) just as a put alternative with practice value equivalent to the assumed worth equivalent to estimation of obligation. (Reisz and Perlich, 2007: p. 2). In the occasion where the where the firm worth is underneath the activity value, that is, the place the cost of the firm is beneath the presumptive worth of the obligation at development, investors can unreservedly work leave without reimbursing their obligation commitments. (Reisz and Perlich, 2007: p. 2). This is like offering the firm to the bondholers at the assumed worth of the obligation. (Reisz and Perlich, 2007: p. 2). Reisz and Perlich, (2007: p. 2) affirms that such a value based valuation model can prompt better liquidation expectations. In an examination by Hillegeist et al. (2004), it was discovered that the probabilities of insolvency pulled out from the a Black-Scholes-Merton auxiliary model are up to multiple times progressively instructive that ones surmised from bookkeeping based measurements, for example, the Altman (1968) Z-score. (Reisz and Perlich, 2007: p. 2). Anyway in spite of the benefits of this Black-Scholes-Merton model, it doesn't give any method of reasoning to watched administrative (limited) hazard decisions. (Reisz and Perlich, 2007: p. 3). Also, probabilities of default (PDs) originating from this structure are miscalibrated. (Reisz and Perlich, 2007: p. 3). 3. The Mutiple Discriminant Model Numerous discriminant investigation (MDA) is a measurable strategy utilized in the order of a perception into one of a few from the earlier groupings, subordinate upon the observation’s singular qualities. It is principally valuable in the order and additionally forecast in issues where the needy variable shows up in subjective structure for instance, male or female, bankrupt or non-bankrupt. In this manner the initial step is to set up unequivocal gathering characterizations. The quantity of unique groupings might be at least two. The MDA model is worthwhile in that it considers the whole profile of qualities regular to the applicable firms, just as the collaboration of these properties. On the other hand, a univariate study can just consider the estimation utilized for gathering assignments each in turn. Another significant bit of leeway of the MDA model is the decrease of the analyst’s space dimensionality.â When investigating a far reaching rundown of money related proportions in surveying a firm’s chapter 11 potential, there is motivation to accept that a portion of the estimations will have a serious extent of collinearity or relationship with one another. (Altman, 1968). 3.1 Application of Multiple Discriminant Model Following its first application during the 1930s, the MDA model has been utilized in numerous investigations and controls. In its previous days it was utilized uniquely in Biology and conduct sciences. Today, the model has been applied effectively in budgetary issues, for example, credit assessment and speculation grouping. For instance, Walter utilized the model to arrange high and low value profit proportion firms, and Smith applied the model in the characterization of firms into standard speculation classifications. Catalog A market-based structure for insolvency expectation. Alexander S. Reisz and Claudia Perlich. Diary of Financial Stability, 2007, Pages 1-47. A genuine esteemed hereditary calculation to upgrade the boundaries of help vector machine for anticipating chapter 11. Chih-Hung Wu Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng Yeong-Jia Goo  Wen-Chang Fang. Master Systems with Applications Volume 32, 2007 Pages 397â€408 â€Å"Bankruptcy†Ã‚  A Dictionary of Finance and Banking. John Smullen and Nicholas Hand. Oxford University Press 2005. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.  â http://www.oxfordreference.com/sees/ENTRY.html?subview=Mainentry=t20.e278 Insolvency chance and beneficial productivity in assembling firms. Leonardo Becchetti and Jaime Sierra Journal of Banking Finance, Volume 27, Issue 11, November 2003, Pages 2099-2120 Trial of the generalizability of Altman’s insolvency expectation model. John Stephen Grice and Robert W. Ingram. Diary of Business Research Volume 54, 2001 Pages 53-61. Money related Ratios, Discriminant Analysis and the Prediction of Corporate Bankruptcy. Edward I Altman. Diary of Finance, Volume 27, Issue 4, September 1968, Pages 589-689. Step by step instructions to refer to Analysis Of The Three Financial Models, Essay models

Toltec Empire - Semi-Mythical Legend of the Aztecs

Toltec Empire - Semi-Mythical Legend of the Aztecs The Toltecs and the Toltec Empire is a semi-legendary legend announced by the Aztecs that seems to have had some reality in prehispanic Mesoamerica. In any case, the proof for its reality as a social substance is clashing and conflicting. The realm, if that is what it was (and it most likely was not), has been at the core of a longstanding discussion in paleohistory: where is the old city of Tollan, a city portrayed by the Aztecs in oral and pictorial narratives as the focal point of all craftsmanship and insight? What's more, who were the Toltecs, the incredible leaders of this great city? The Aztec Myth Aztec oral accounts and their enduring codexes portray the Toltecs as savvy, enlightened, rich urban peopleâ who lived in Tollan, a city loaded up with structures made of jade and gold. The Toltecs, said the antiquarians, designed all expressions of the human experience and studies of Mesoamerica, including the Mesoamerican schedule; they were driven by their savvy ruler Quetzalcoatl. For the Aztecs, the Toltec head was the perfect ruler, a respectable warrior who was found out in the history and religious obligations of Tollan, and had the characteristics of military and business initiative. The Toltec rulers drove a warrior society that incorporated a tempest god (Aztec Tlaloc or Maya Chaac), with Quetzalcoatl at the core of the inception fantasy. The Aztec chiefs guaranteed they were relatives of the Toltec heads, setting up a semi-divine option to run the show. The Myth of Quetzalcoatl The Aztec records of the Toltec legend state that Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl [reported by the Aztecs in the fifteenth century to have been conceived in the year 1 Reed, 843 AD and kicked the bucket 52 years after the fact in the year 1 Reed, 895], was an astute, old humble lord who showed his kin to compose and quantify time, to work gold, jade and quills, to develop cotton, color it and mesh it into astonishing mantles, and to raise maize and cacao. He manufactured four houses for fasting and petition and a sanctuary with wonderful sections cut with snake reliefs. Be that as it may, his devotion energized outrage among the magicians of Tollan, who were determined to obliterating his kin. The alchemists fooled Quetzalcoatl into tanked conduct that disgraced him so he fled east, arriving at the edge of the ocean. There, wearing awesome plumes and a turquoise cover, he consumed himself and rose into the sky, turning into the morning star. Aztec accounts dont all concur: in any event one says that Quetzalcoatl wrecked Tollan as he left, covering all the glorious things and consuming everything else. He changed the cacao trees to mesquite and sent the fowls to Anahuac, another amazing area at the edge of the water. The story as described by Bernardino Sahagunwho surely had his own agendasays that Quetzalcoatl formed a pile of snakes and cruised over the ocean. Sahagun was a Spanish Franciscan minister, and he and different recorders are today accepted to have made the legend partner Quetzalcoatl with the conquistador Cortesbut that is another story. Toltecs and Desirã ©e Charnay The site of Tula in Hidalgo state was first likened with Tollan in the archeological sense in the late nineteenth centurythe Aztecs were irresolute about which set of remains was Tollan, in spite of the fact that Tula was absolutely one. French expeditionary picture taker Desirã ©e Charnay fund-raised to follow the unbelievable excursion of Quetzalcoatl from Tula eastbound to the Yucatan landmass. At the point when he showed up at the Maya capital of Chichã ©n Itz, he saw snake segments and a ball court ring that helped him to remember those he had seen at Tula, 1300 kilometers (800 miles) northwest of Chichen. Charnay had perused the sixteenth century Aztec accounts and noticed that the Toltec were thought by the Aztecs to have made human progress, and he deciphered the structural and expressive likenesses to imply that the capital city of the Toltecsâ was Tula, with Chichen Itza its remote and vanquished state; and by the 1940s, a greater part of archeologists did as well. Yet, since that time, archeological and authentic proof has demonstrated that to be risky. Issues, and a Trait List There are bunches of issues attempting to relate Tula or some other explicit arrangement of remnants as Tollan. Tula was genuinely huge yet it didnt have a lot of authority over its nearby neighbors, not to mention significant distances. Teotihuacan, which unquestionably was enormous enough to be figured a realm, was a distant memory by the ninth century. There are loads of spots all through Mesoamerica with etymological references to Tula or Tollan or Tullin or Tulan: Tollan Chollolan is the complete name for Cholula, for instance, which has some Toltec angles. The word appears to mean something like spot of reeds. What's more, despite the fact that the trademark characteristics recognized as Toltec show up at numerous locales along the Gulf Coast and somewhere else, there isnt much proof for military success; the reception of Toltec attributes seems to have been particular, instead of forced. Characteristics recognized as Toltec incorporate sanctuaries with colonnaded exhibitions; tablud-tablero design; chacmools and ball courts; alleviation models with different renditions of the legendary Quetzalcoatl puma snake feathered creature symbol; and help pictures of ruthless creatures and raptorial winged creatures holding human hearts. There are likewise atlantean columns with pictures of men in the Toltec military outfit (additionally observed in chacmools): wearing pillbox protective caps and butterfly-molded pectorals and conveying atlatls. There is additionally a type of government that is a piece of the Toltec bundle, a chamber based government as opposed to an incorporated majesty, however where that emerged is anybodys surmise. A portion of the Toltec characteristics can be followed to the Early Classic time frame, of fourth century AD or much prior. Current Thinking It appears to be certain that despite the fact that there is no genuine agreement among the archeological network about the presence of a solitary Tollan or a particular Toltec Empire that can be distinguished, there was a between provincial progression of thoughts all through Mesoamerica that archeologists have named Toltec. Its conceivable, maybe likely, that quite a bit of that progression of thoughts came to fruition as a side-effect of the foundation of between territorial exchange systems, exchange systems including such materials as obsidian and salt which were built up by the fourth century AD (and most likely a lot prior) yet truly got going after the fall of Teotihuacan in 750 AD. Along these lines, the word Toltec ought to be expelled from the word realm, positively: and maybe the most ideal approach to take a gander at the idea is as a Toltec perfect, a craftsmanship style, reasoning and type of government that went about as the commendable focus of such was great and yearned for by the Aztecs, a perfect resounded at different destinations and societies all through Mesoamerica. Sources This article is a piece of the About.com manual for Aztecs, and part of the Dictionary of Archeology. The gathered articles in Kowaleski and Kristan-Graham (2011), in view of a Dumbarton Oaks conference, are enthusiastically suggested for getting a grip on the Toltecs. Berdan FF. 2014. Aztec Archeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press. Coggins C. 2002. Toltec. RES: Anthropology and Esthetics 42(Autumn, 2002):34-85. Gillespie S. 2011. Toltics, Tula, and Chichã ©n Itz: The Development of an Archeological Myth. In: Kowalski JK, and Kristan-Graham C, editors. Twin Tollans: Chichã ©n Itz, Tula and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World. Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks. p 85-127. Kepecs SM. 2011. Chichã ©n Itz, Tula and the Epiclassic/Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World System. In: Kowalski JK, and Kristan-Graham C, editors. Twin Tollans: Chichã ©n Itz, Tula and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World. Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks. p 130-151. Kowalski JK, and Kristan-Graham C. 2007. Chichã ©n Itz, Tula and Tollan: Chaning Perspectives on a Recurring Problem in Mesoamerican Archeology and Art History. In: Kowalski JK, and Kristan-Graham C, editors. Twin Tollans: Chichã ©n Itz, Tula and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World. Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks. p 13-83. Kowalski JK, and Kristan-Graham C, editors. 2011. Twin Tollans: Chichã ©n Itz, Tula and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World. Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks. Ringle WM, Gallareta Negron T, and Bey GJ. 1998. The arrival of Quetzalcoatl: Evidence for the spread of a world religion during the Epiclassic time frame. Old Mesoamerica 9:183-232. Smith ME. 2016. Toltec Empire. In: MacKenzie JM, manager. The Encyclopedia of Empire. London: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Smith ME. 2011. The Aztecs, third release. Oxford: Blackwell. Smith ME. 2003. Remarks on the accuracy of Topoilzin Quetzalcoatl, Tollan, and the Toltecs. Nahua Newsletter.

How to Write a Public Policy Paper

How to Write a Public Policy PaperThere are a number of factors to consider when you are writing a public policy paper. These include who the audience is, what sort of audience they are, the types of topics that are likely to be discussed, and your personal preference.When you are looking at how to write a public policy paper, you must begin by considering the audience. What is it that you would like to achieve by writing the paper? Do you intend it to be read by individuals from other parts of government, or a more local audience, or a wider audience? Whatever your aims for writing the paper you must take these factors into account.Firstly, you must ensure that the purpose of the policy paper is clearly stated. It should be clear to all who read it why the paper is being written. How will you get your message across? In what ways is it likely to be received? What is it that you hope to achieve with the paper?Secondly, when you are looking at how to write a public policy paper, you m ust consider the topic or subject matter of the paper. It is essential that you make your paper as specific as possible, because this will be what the audience will most easily understand. If you have a certain type of issue, for example, that you wish to highlight, then it is likely that they will only understand this topic if you make sure that your paper is written in this manner. This means that the paper should be organized around a particular theme.Thirdly, you must ensure that the paper does not contain any inaccuracies. The audience will be more likely to read an article that has been thoroughly researched and fact checked. You will also find that by researching your topic that you can gather more facts and thus make your ideas more reliable. The audience will be more likely to follow the research if the facts are well founded.Fourthly, one final point of importance is to ensure that the paper is written as clearly as possible. This is so important that it deserves its own p aragraph. As you consider how to write a public policy paper, ensure that all your points are as clear as possible. It is imperative that your paper has no redundancies, no unnecessary jargon, and no grammatical errors. This will go along way to helping you achieve your goal.Finally, when you are looking at how to write a public policy paper, consider the use of language. Your audience will only be interested in your public policy paper if they are able to understand and follow what you have written.By now you should have some idea as to how to write a public policy paper. Remember that you must be clear about what you are trying to achieve and you must be able to communicate clearly to the audience.

Stem Cells And Its Effect On The Body Essay - 2078 Words

Stem cells can be used to create different cells in the body. All stem cells can divide overtime to create another stem cell or a new type of cell which will have a more specialized role in the body. These new cells can function in different areas in the body and create different types of tissues such as a muscle tissue, a kidney tissue, a skin tissue, a lung tissue, and a brain tissue. There are different types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Embryonic stem cells which can be taken from the embryo. According to the National Institutes of Health (2016), â€Å"Embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos. Most embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in vitro and then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors.† These cells can develop and form any tissues in a living organism. The adult stem cells are cells of the body. The National Institutes of Health 92016) states â€Å"The adult stem cell can renew itself and can differentiate to yield some or all of the major specialized cell types of the tissue or organ. The primary roles of these cells are to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.† The adult stem cells are found in many tissues and organ systems in children and adults. Lastly, the induced pluripotent stem cells are genetically modified and reprogramed cells to embryonic stem cells. They are divided and grown in a laboratoryShow MoreRelatedStem Cells And Its Effects On The Body885 Words   |  4 Pages Stem cells have remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types during early life and growth in the body. Different tissues serve as all sorts of internal repair systems, dividing essentially without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or even animal are still alive. When stem cells can divide, they can turn into new cells and have the potential either to remain a stem cell, or become another type of cell with a more specialized function. A cell with a specializedRead MoreStem Cells And Its Effect On The Human Body1407 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Stem cells are unspecialized cells of a multicellular organism and it has capability changing into any type cell. When stem cells divides, the new cell has the potential of choosing whether to stay a stem cell or turn into any type of specialized such as: skin cells, neurons, muscle cells and many more. Stem cells have no specific function but are special in their own way. In the early stage of the development, stem cells have the extraordinary potential to develop into any type of cell in theRead MoreThe Effects Of Stem Cell On The Human Body2802 Words   |  12 Pagesincurable but embryotic stem cells may hold the cure. With that said, many researchers in the medical field have become quite involved in the study of stem cells. A stem cell is an immature cell that has the potential to become specialized into different types of cells throughout the body. There are two different types of stem cells: adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells. These cells are important because they hav e the ability to repair damaged tissue in the human body. Although they are bothRead MoreStem Cells And Its Effects On The Human Body998 Words   |  4 PagesStem cells are undifferentiated cells that have potential to be developed into many different specialized cell types, such as skin cells, bone cells, muscle cells, and many more. Stem cells used in research today derive from mainly two sources, embryos from the blastocyst phase of embryological development, known as embryonic stem cells, and adult tissue, known as adult stem cells (â€Å"Stem Cell Basics†). Embryonic stem cells come from human embryos that are roughly five-days-old, when it is in theRead MoreStem Cells And Its Effect On The Body During The Initial Process Of Growth And Development2750 Words   |  11 PagesStem cells develop itself into various types of cells inside the body during the initial process of growth and development. Coupled with it, stem cells also play the role of an internal recovery syst em, in which it replicates itself limitlessly to stocks up the rest of the cells till the individual remains alive. When a stem cell multiplies itself, every new cell produced has the ability to perform the functions of a stem cell or may become some other sort of cell with greater and better well versedRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell1680 Words   |  7 Pageslife, cells make up every organ and body part of a living organism. Among various types of cells of human bodies, a stem cell can turn into any type of specialized cell of human body. A stem cell is a cell that has the ability to develop into any conceivable different kind of specialized cell type. The existence of a stem cell was first discovered by Drs. James Till and Ernset McCulloch from Canada. A stem cell can be distinguished into two types: adult stem cell and embryonic stem cell. An embryonicRead MoreEmbryonic Stem Cells Or No?1006 Words   |  5 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cells or No? Did you know that since 1981, researchers have been removing embryonic stem cells from thousands of embryos to create cells that could potentially save people from diseases? How many patients do you think this has helped since then? Hundreds? Thousands? Wrong. In fact, not one â€Å"cure† has been found to help people with Parkinson’s, cancer, heart disease and so many more rare diseases that it is said to be able to help. Embryonic stem cell research has been an issue inRead MoreStem Cell Research Should Not Be Allowed1170 Words   |  5 Pagesuse of stem cells. Many people think stem cell research should not be allowed, due to the fact that researchers mostly use stem cells from embryos. But, if an eight year old boy’s life can be extended or even saved through the stem cell surgery, the research using stem cells should continue. In 1978, an important discovery was uncovered in our medical world; stem cells were recognized in human cord blood (Murnaghan, â€Å"History of Stem Cell Research† N.p). With the discovery of stem cells, researchersRead MoreStem Cells Essay1530 Words   |  7 Pages Stem cells are used every day throughout the United States to help cure diseases and save lives. Stem cells can also be used to study labor defects so that future birth deficiencies can be prevented or reversed. Although as a college student starting a family may not be on your mind yet, it is always beneficial to educate yourself on current trends and new discoveries in stem cell research. Andres Travino and his wife were excited when their son Andy was born ten years ago. Andy prayed and hopedRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Research1665 Words   |  7 Pages Stem cells have advanced the way researchers look at curing what were once considered untreatable diseases. Modern technology has played a key role in the discovering of these stem cells and how they are used in the body. Many argue that the use of adult and embryonic cells is unethical and inhumane to society, however, there is one point taken into consideration when making that statement; if researchers could develop a cure for a disease that was affecting a family member of those who oppose it

Bopomofo Chinese Phonetic System

Chinese characters can be a major stumbling block for students of Mandarin. There are thousands of characters and the only way to learn their meaning and pronunciation is by rote. Fortunately, there are phonetic systems that aid in the study of Chinese characters. The phonetics are used in textbooks and dictionaries so that students can begin associating sounds and meanings with specific characters. Pinyin The most common phonetic system is Pinyin. It is used to teach Mainland Chinese school children, and it is also widely used by foreigners learning Mandarin as a second language. Pinyin is a Romanization system. It uses the Roman alphabet to represent the sounds of spoken Mandarin. The familiar letters make Pinyin look easy. However, many of the Pinyin pronunciations are quite different from the English alphabet. For example, the Pinyin c is pronounced with a ts sound. Bopomofo Pinyin is certainly not the only phonetic system for Mandarin. There are other Romanization systems, and then there is Zhuyin Fuhao, otherwise known as Bopomofo. Zhuyin Fuhao uses symbols which are based on Chinese characters to represent the sounds of spoken Mandarin. These are the same sounds which are represented by Pinyin, and in fact there is a one-to-one correspondence between Pinyin and Zhuyin Fuhao. The first four symbols of Zhuyin Fuhao are bo po mo fo (pronounced buh puh muh fuh), which gives the common name Bopomofo – sometimes shortened to bopomo. Bopomofo is used in Taiwan to teach school children, and it is also a popular input method for writing Chinese characters on computers and handheld devices such as cell phones. Children’s books and teaching materials in Taiwan almost always have Bopomofo symbols printed next to the Chinese characters. It is also used in dictionaries. Advantages of Bopomofo Bopomofo symbols are based on Chinese characters, and in some cases they are identical. Learning Bopomofo, therefore, gives Mandarin students a head start to reading and writing Chinese. Sometimes students who start learning Mandarin Chinese with Pinyin become too dependent on it, and once characters are introduced they are at a loss.   Another important advantage to Bopomofo is its status as an independent phonetic system. Unlike Pinyin or other Romanization systems, Bopomofo symbols cannot be confused with other pronunciations. The main disadvantage to Romanization is that students often have preconceived ideas about the pronunciation of the Roman alphabet. For example, the Pinyin letter â€Å"q† has a â€Å"ch† sound, and it can take some effort to make this association. On the other hand, the Bopomofo symbol ã„‘ is not associated with any other sound than its Mandarin pronunciation. Computer Input Computer keyboards with Zhuyin Fuhao symbols are available. This makes it fast and efficient to input Chinese characters using a Chinese Character IME (Input Method Editor) like the one included with Windows XP. The Bopomofo input method can be used with or without tone marks. Characters are input by spelling the sound, followed by either the tone mark or the space bar. A list of candidate characters appears. Once a character is selected from this list, another list of commonly used characters may pop up. Only In Taiwan Zhuyin Fuhao was developed in the early 20th century. In the 1950s, Mainland China switched over to Pinyin as its official phonetic system, although some dictionaries from the Mainland still include Zhuyin Fuhao symbols. Taiwan continues to use Bopomofo for teaching school children. Taiwanese teaching material aimed at foreigners usually uses Pinyin, but there are a few publications for adults which use Bopomofo. Zhuyin Fuhao is also used for some of Taiwans Aboriginal languages. Bopomofo and Pinyin Comparison Table Zhuyin Pinyin b p m f d t n l g k h j q x zh ch sh r z c s a o e ai ei ao ou an en ang eng er i u u

Censorship of Music Limiting One’s Rights Essay - 1072 Words

Music has been under scrutiny on behalf of censorship for decades. Censorship is defined as an authorization to examine material and to remove or suppress what is considered morally, politically, or otherwise objectionable. Lyrics are essential to nearly everything in music; its poems, ballads, monologues, etc. They may take the form of actual spoken or sung sounds or of written words, as literature does. Without the musical component, you’re left with literature and words; this leaves the heated debate as to whether music should be censored or not. Music should be used as an expression of freedom and should not be overtly scrutinized as to what is appropriate because it is simply futile and a violation of freedom of speech†¦show more content†¦This is an example of the government being overbearing and limiting musical freedoms. The question of what constitutes as suitable language and obscenity has been greatly forced upon the music industry. The current labeling of parental advisory warnings consists of a black and white logo fixed on the cover of an album on the bottom right hand corner. For all the controversy these stickers stir up, do they really serve a practical purpose for protecting the young people of this nation? And, is this another example of the government mandating our lives rather than â€Å"protecting† us from indecency? The censorship of music can have much more negative effects than positive ones for songs can be extremely taken out of context. Music is almost always construed and misinterpreted with the true gist of a song to fit a person’s accusations. The problem with this is that the individuals (usually parents and politicians) who have an outcry over lyrics are frequently the same group tries to use music to fault the problems of society’s actions upon. Most of us have all heard the stories about the anguished parents of a child who unfortunately has taken their own life, and then in the after effects the parents or their lawyers would attack a band or musician who wrote a song about suicide or killing someone else. This is also the case for people using music as the template for society becoming more violent. For example, in the aftermathShow MoreRelatedStudies in Contemporary Literature: Free Speech1622 Words   |  7 Pages Censorship is the suppression of speech or other public communication which may be considered objectable, harmful, sensitive, politically incorrect or inconvenient as determined as determined by the government, media outlet, or other controlling bodies (Wikipedia, 1). This can be done by governments and private organizations or by individuals who engage in self-censorship which is the act of censoring or classifying one’s own work like blog, books, films, or other means of expression, out of theRead MoreThe Constitutionality of Hate Speech Essay3494 Words   |  14 Pagesshould restrict hate speech on all college campuses. This is due to a variety of reasons. Under the first point of analysis, one can observe that hate speech codes have a tendency to foster a more tolerant environment by teaching a difference between right and wrong (Sommers 1). Often times, college students do not realize the impact that their words may have on others (2). The problem is rarely identified in primary and secondary schools, and it worsens as the students approach the college level (1)Read MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 PagesNew: narcissistic? c. Government Censorship d. Profit-driven Media e. Advertising f. Private life of public figures g. Celebrity as a role model h. Blame media for our problems i. Power + Responsibility of Media j. Media ethics k. New Media and Democracy 2. Science/Tech a. Science and Ethics b. Government and scientist role in science c. Rely too much on technology? d. Nuclear technology e. Genetic modification f. Right tech for wrong reasons 3. Arts/CultureRead MoreImpacts of Information Technology on Individuals, Organizations and Societies21097 Words   |  85 Pagesto share pirated music, movie producers felt reasonably immune to this trend. After all, it would take more than a week to download a 5-gigabyte DVD-quality movie using a 56-kilobits-per-second modem. Some individuals argue that piracy does not hurt film studios but, rather, makes movies available to those people who would not be able to enjoy them otherwise. Information technology that enables movie piracy raises a number of significant issues, such as intellectual property rights, fair use, and theRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 PagesFaucet: Global entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in the Sydney indie music industry C A S E F I V E Nucor in 2005 C A S E S I X News Corp in 2005: Consolidating the DirecTV acquisition C A S E S E V E N Shanghai Volkswagen: Implementing project management in the electrical engineering division C A S E E I G H T TelevisionRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMichael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographicalRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesand reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any formRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesStates. 2. Information services— United States—Management. I. Moran, Barbara B. II. Title. Z678.S799 2007 025.1—dc22 2007007922 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright  © 2007 by Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2007007922 ISBN: 978–1–59158–408–7 978 –1–59158–406–3 (pbk.) First publishedRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesAssistant: Jason Calcano Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Anne Fahlgren Production Manager: Debbie Ryan Art Director: Jayne Conte Cover Designer: Bruce Kenselaar Photo Researcher: Karen Sanatar Manager, Rights and Permissions: Hessa Albader Cover Art: Fotolia Media Editor: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Leghigh-Phoenex

Separate Peace Responsibility Essay Example For Students

Separate Peace: Responsibility Essay A Separate Peace: ResponsibilityA responsibility is something for which one is held accountable. Often people say that one is responsible for one’s own words and actions; if something happens as a result of something one does one is responsible for it. But is it possible that something could be the result of various actions from different people who are therefore equally responsible, or is there always one person who is most responsible for the incident at hand? Such a situation where this question is relevant is present in the novel A Separate Peace by John Knowles. In the novel, the main character, Gene, ponders his responsibility for the death of his best friend, Phineas or Finny. After reading Gene’s account of the events that led to Finny’s death the reader may observe that there are three people who are all partially at fault for Finny’s death. Gene, a classmate named Brinker, and Phineas all had something to do with the incident, but who was most re sponsible for it?Gene is probably the most obvious to blame for part of Phineas’ death. Gene clearly feels guilty, that is why he returns to the tree fifteen years after the fact, for some sort of closure. As Gene and Finny were about to jump from a tree branch into the river together, Gene shook the branch causing Phineas to fall into the river unexpectedly and hurt his leg. Later on, when Phineas re-injured his leg and was having it set in a routine operation, he passed away. The doctor said that it was probably because some marrow entered his blood stream and caused his heart to stop. But if Finny had never fallen in the first place he would have not been on that operating table. Therefore, indirectly an action of Genes eventually resulted in Finny’s death. But was this action done consciously? The author does not specify. â€Å"My knees were bent and I jounced the limb†(Knowles p.52) says Gene in his account of the incident. â€Å"I jounced† is an act ive verb but â€Å"were bent† is passive meaning that some unknown force bent Gene’s knees and as a result of that he jounced the limb. Since this action was not totally Gene’s he is not thus totally responsible for the fall or the events that occurred as a result of it. Brinker, Gene and Finny’s classmate was responsible for the circumstances that lead to Phineas’ second fall. Brinker suspected that Gene was responsible for Finny’s first fall and begrudged him somewhat for not enlisting in the army with him when he had wanted to. It was Brinker who called together the trial in which Gene was prosecuted for purposely causing Finny to fall off the tree. But even if Gene was to blame for Finny’s first fall, it was not necessary to drag Finny out of bed in the middle of the night and put him through such emotional turmoil when he was still physically vulnerable from the accident. If Brinker had not organized the trial Finny would have never rushed out in such an upset manner causing him to fall and hurt himself again. The doctor was not sure why Phineas died. â€Å"In the middle of it his heart just stopped. I can’t explain it.†(Knowles p.185) He said. Later on the doctor conjectured that Phineas probably died when marrow entered his blood circulation and clogged his heart but Gene meant the world to Finny. The idea Brinker introduced to Phineas that his best friend would betray him hurt Phineas severely and maybe even caused him to loose the will to live. Brinker’s actions were crucial to Finny’s death and since they were done with cruel intentions Brinker is largely responsible for the death of his classmate. .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d , .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d .postImageUrl , .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d , .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d:hover , .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d:visited , .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d:active { border:0!important; } .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d:active , .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u88f7c20373ddcb908a39012c186a8b8d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dinquent EssaySurprisingly enough Finny is partly responsible for his own death. He knew that jumping off the tree into the river was dangerous hence the name of the club â€Å"Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session†(Knowles p.24) whose membership requirement was one jump from the tree. Also, if not for Finny Gene wouldn’t even have come to the meeting the night of the accident, Gene wanted to stay in the dorm and study but Finny used reverse psychology in order to convince him to come. Lastly, it was also Finny’s idea that they jump together rather then alone, risking the possibility that the movement of one could cause the other to loose his bal ance. If not for any of these incidents Finny would never have fallen to begin with, Gene’s trial would never have taken place, and he would not have found himself on that operating table. This makes Finny largely responsible for his first fall and partly responsible for his death. In conclusion although none of them were conscious that their actions would eventually lead to Finny’s death, Gene, Brinker, and Finny were all partly responsible for it. The one most to blame however was Finny himself, starting a club in which jumping off the tree into the river was a membership requirement was the first in the series of events that eventually lead to his death. If Finny had not done this none of the incidents which Gene and Brinker were at fault for would have ever had reason to take place. Consequently, the person most to blame for the death of Phineas was Phineas himself. As the song goes: â€Å"It is of no surprise to me, I am my own worst enemy.†(Lit Place in the Sun)Book Reports